Purpose: To investigate the effect of static accommodative tasks on intraocular pressure (IOP) of glaucomatous and Normal eyes. Methods: Four groups of subjects categorized as primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), primary angle-closure suspects (PACS), Normal age-matched controls, and Normal young adults (NYA,age <40 years) were enrolled. The baseline IOPs were measured after the subjects were looking at a distant target for 15 min. Static accommodation was obtained by execution of near Vision tasks (reading at 33 cm in daylight [300 lux] for 60 min). IOPs were measured at 15, 30, 45, and 60 min intervals while accommodating and then measured again after 15 min of relaxing accommodation while looking at a distant target. Results: One-hundred and eighteen eyes of 98 subjects were recruited. The study groups consisted of the following categories: 25 POAG (46 eyes), 24 PACS (47 eyes), 25 matched controls (50 eyes), and 24 NYA (48 eyes). Within all groups, the mean IOP decreased throughout the accommodation period at all time points. Maximum IOP reduction after accommodation was detected at the 30-min time among the POAG subjects, at the 45-min time in the PACS and matched control groups, and at 15 min after the relaxation of accommodation in the NYA group. IOP reduction levels showed no statistically significant difference among POAG, PACS, and the Normal matched groups in their response to accommodation. However, NYA had significantly lower IOP and greater IOP reduction after the resting period (relaxation of accommodation). Conclusion: Static accommodative tasks can significantly reduce IOP in Normal, POAG, and PACS individuals. Encouraging glaucoma patients to practice periodical near Vision tasks could be viewed as an adjunctive measure for glaucoma management.

Purpose: To evaluate color Vision in patients with type II diabetes mellitus without diabetic retinopathy and compare the results with those of age- and sex- matched Normal individuals.Methods: This descriptive, comparative study was conducted on 100 diabetic patients without any sign of retinopathy and 100 age- and sex-matched Normal subjects. Color Vision was evaluated using Ishihara and Farnsworth D-15 color Vision tests.Results: Farnsworth D-15 color test showed that 26% of diabetic patients and 3% of Normal subjects had color Vision defect. Using Ishihara test, 3% of the subjects in each group had color Vision defect.Conclusion: D15 color test revealed a color Vision defect in spite of the Normal retinal appearance in diabetic patients. It means that functional changes may be detected with proper color Vision test before any structural changes in retina. We recommend Farnsworth D-15 test for this purpose.

Nowadays, pictures and writing in English books are used in order to transfer educational concepts. As it is claimed that the pictures not only help the students learning but also they increase the interactional relationship between them and their around society (Kress and Van Leeuwen, 2006). There is always one problem that an argument on how we can use multimodal-texts in school books especially English books to facilitate transfer concepts and also trigger motivation in educational processes so that English learning and training procedures will be improved. According to Sojoudi(2003), semiotic perspective rooted in the works of Saussure and Pierce, shows two points of view but with special and similar philosophical implications. Saussure framework is called structural semiotics but Pierce framework is analytical semiotics. Pierce believes semantic-semiotic means theory and study of signs and it is the world science that includes all other sciences. Saussure considers signs as mechanical but Paris School claim that signs perform the role of signifier only in discoursal context. Greimas, as a founder of Paris School, believes that we should pass the surface and enter to the deep layers of context as the deep and inner structures have semantic implications...

With the central role of textbooks, particularly, in centralized educational systems such as that of Iran where a single textbook is recommended for nation-wide use, evaluation textbooks, especially whilst-use evaluation, can highlight points of strength and weakness in a book and pave the way for its improvement in later editions. The present study set to evaluate Vision 1, English textbook for grade 10 in the new Iranian educational system. To this end, a questionnaire taken from Ahmadisafa et al. (1396) was distributed among 150 English teachers (selected from different provinces of the country through convenience sampling). Furthermore, 20 of the above teachers responded to a researcher-designed semi-structured interview involving: 1) general evaluation of the book, 2) advantages of the book over those previously used, 3) viewpoints of the teachers' over realization of the aims of the book, 4) its points of weakness, and 5) the teachers' suggestions for improvements in its later editions. The results indicated that the teachers were relatively satisfied with: 1) supplementary materials and teacher's book, 2) grammar, vocabulary and language functions, 3) content and language skills, 4) tasks and exercises, 5) design and layout, and 6) teaching methodology. However, the interview revealed the teachers' relative dissatisfaction with the book, with most of them considering the book unsuccessful in fulfilling the set objectives.

Purpose: To evaluate the different types of low Vision and effectiveness of low Vision aids on patients referred to Noor eye clinic from September 1999 to February 2001.Patients and Methods: This study was performed in two phases. Phase one was a descriptive study, while phase two was a before-after type clinical trial. Ability to read Normal print, large print and to recognize faces was evaluated before and after using low Vision aids. Results were analyzed by McNemars test. Correlation with etiology of low Vision was also assessed.Results: Durring the study, 131 patients (67.93% male) in age of 54.5 ±29.6 years were evaluated. After using low Vision aids, distance visual acuity better than 20/200 achieve in 67.8%; near visual acuity better than 20/200 occurred in 96.4%; and the ability to read Normal print and large print changed from 8.6% to 94.8% and from 55.2% to 97.4%, respectively. Face recognition improved from 16.8% to 63.3% (p< 0.0001). Cases affected with Stargardts disease had the greatest improvement in reading ability. The rate of purchase and usage of different low Vision devices was different, and the highest rate was 89.74% for recommended near telescopes.Conclusions: This study confirmed the effectiveness of low Vision aids in increasing distance and near Vision in low Vision patients, however a high percentage of our patients refrained from using low Vision aids. Analysis of socioeconomic and cultural factors is recommended.

Computers are used everywhere from home to work these days, thus the effects on the visual system will be more noticeable every day. Problems associated with computer usage are generally known as the computer Vision syndrome (CVS).These problems include eye fatigue, irritation, redness, blurred Vision and dry eye. All of these problems have adverse effects on individuals in the long term and reduce the efficiency and quality of workers. CVS is due to various display characteristics such as screen brightness, high brightness in the workplace, screen refresh rate, radiation, reduced rate of blinking, large eye surface prone to dryness and accommodation effort for close work. Treatment requires a multidirectional approach such as adjustment of the workstation. Proper lighting, anti-glare filters, ergonomic positioning of the monitor and regular work breaks may help improve visual comfort. Lubricating eye drops and special computer glasses help relieve ocular surface related symptoms. Also the treatment of this syndrome especially in the early stages has successful result, but users that do not know about this problems, tolerate a lot of complications.

Introduction: Eye trauma is a common cause of one-sided blindness in children and teenagers. Blunt trauma can cause rupture of orbital cavity and the herniation of its content may affect the nearby sinuses leading to hemorrhage in the anterior chamber (hyphema).Traumatic hyphema that specially happens in the eyes with blunt trauma can be followed by high infra ocular pressure, corneal staining, cataract, injury of the optic nerve and sever loss of visual acuity (VA). Early diagnosis and treatment of this complication can prevent the later and worst complications. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of traumatic hyphema and its complications in eye blunt trauma.Materials and Methods: According to a cross- sectional descriptive protocol, we studied 83 patients with eye blunt trauma who referred to the eye clinics of Bahman 22nd and Farabi hospitals. A formal questionnaire was designed to be completed for personal particularities of each patient as well as the information about the examinations of orbit, cornea, AC, lens and optic nerves. In addition, the Intraocular Pressure (IOP) and initial VA were recorded. Then we analyzed these records and evaluated the prevalence of hyphema and its complications in eye blunt trauma.Results: This study shows that hyphema is a common complication of eye blunt trauma that occurs in approximately 50% of the patients with eye blunt trauma.36.1% of the patients were in the age group of 20-40 years old with an average age of 36.7 years. There were 65.9% males and 34.1% females. The most common causes of trauma included projectiles (48.8%) and assaults (36.6%). The most common associated symptoms with hyphema included red eye (56.09%) and dark Vision (48.7%).The most frequent occurring complications included sever decrease of initial VA (75.6%) and high IOP (48.8%).Conclusion: Hyphema is a common complication of eye blunt trauma that may lead to other complications like sever loss of VA and high IOP. So, thinking of and searching for hyphema in any patient with eye blunt trauma can help us to diagnose it at early stages and prevent other complications.